Recent Publications

– Mandatory Minimum Penalties and the U.S. Sentencing Commission's "Mandatory Guidelines," 4 Federal Sentencing Reporter 129 (1991)

– Organizational Crime, 18 Crime and Justice 1-10 (1993), reprinted in part in Crimes of Privilege: Readings in White-Collar Crime (Neal Shover & John Paul Wright, eds., Oxford University Press, 2001)

– Sentencing Commissions and Their Guidelines, 17 Crime and Justice 137-95 (1993)

– Mandatory Penalties, 16 Crime and Justice 243-73 (1992), reprinted in Crime, Inequality, and the State (Mary E. Vogel, ed., Routledge, 2007), and in Thinking about Punishment: Penal Policy Across Space, Time and Discipline (Ashgate, 2009)

– Public Prosecution and Hydro-engineering, 75 Minnesota Law Review 971 (1991)

– Foreword, in Discretion in Criminal Justice: The Tension between Individualization and Uniformity (Lloyd E. Ohlin & Frank J. Remington, eds., State University of New York Press, 1993)

– A Sentencing Commission for California?, in Growth and Its Influence on Correctional Policy: Perspectives on the Report of the Blue Ribbon Commission: Proceedings (Guggenheim Criminal Justice Program, 1991)

– Judges and Sentencing Policy, in Sentencing, Judicial Discretion and Training (Colin Munro & Martin Wasik, eds., Sweet & Maxwell, 1992)

– Racial Disparities in Courts and Prisons, 4 Criminal Behaviour and Mental Health 158 (1994)

– Race and the War on Drugs, 1994 University of Chicago Legal Forum 25-81 (1994)

– The Success of Judge Frankel's Sentencing Commission, 64 University of Colorado Law Review 713-22 (1993)

– Proportionality, Parsimony, and Interchangeability of Punishments, in Penal Theory and Practice: Tradition and Innovation in Criminal Justice (Antony Duff et al., eds., Manchester University Press, 1994), reprinted in A Reader on Punishment (Antony Duff & David Garland, eds., Oxford University Press, 1994), in part in Principled Sentencing: Readings in Theory and Practice (Andrew von Hirsch & Andrew Ashworth, eds., Hart Publishing, 2d ed., 1998), in Sentencing and Penal Policy in Canada: Cases, Materials, and Commentary (Allan Manson, Patrick Healy & Gary Trotter, eds., Emond Montgomery Publications, 2000), in Sentencing and Penal Policy in Canada: Cases, Materials, and Commentary (Allan Manson et al., eds., Emond Montgomery Publications, 2d ed., 2008), in Thinking about Punishment: Penal Policy Across Space, Time and Discipline (Ashgate, 2009), and in Why Punish? How Much?: A Reader on Punishment (Michael Tonry, ed., Oxford University Press, 2011)

– Racial Disproportion in US Prisons, 34 British Journal of Criminology 97-116 (Special Issue 1994), reprinted in Prisons in Context (Roy King & Mike Maguire, eds., Oxford University Press, 1994), in Incarcerating Criminals: Prisons and Jails in Social and Environmental Context (Timothy J. Flanagan, James W. Marquart & Kenneth Adams, eds., Oxford University Press, 1998), in Criminal Justice Policy (Jodi S. Lane & Joan Petersilia, eds., Edward Elgar, 1998), and in Imprisonment (Roger Matthews, ed., Dartmouth, 1999)

– Minnesota Misdemeanors and Moving Traffic Violations (Butterworth Legal Publishers, 2d ed., 1990-1998 (looseleaf); Lexis Law Publishing, 3d ed., 1999-2012 (updated by pocket parts))

– France, in Criminal Procedure: A Worldwide Study 201-42 (Craig Bradley, ed., Carolina Academic Press, 1st. ed., 1999; 2d ed., 2007)

– Is Guided Discretion Sufficient? Overview of State Sentencing Guidelines, 44 St. Louis University Law Journal 425-46 (2000) (abbreviated version of article published in 12 Federal Sentencing Reporter 69-82 (1999))

– Racial Politics, Racial Disparities, and the War on Crime, 40 Crime & Delinquency 475-94 (1994), reprinted in New Perspectives in Criminology (John E. Conklin, ed., Allyn & Bacon, 1995), in Race, Crime, and Justice (Barbara Hudson, ed., Dartmouth, 1996), in Examining the Justice Process: A Reader (James A. Inciardi, ed., Harcourt Brace College Publishers, 1996), in Politics, Crime Control, and Culture (Stuart A. Scheingold, ed., Dartmouth, 1997), in The Criminal Justice System: Politics and Policies (George F. Cole & Marc G. Gertz, eds., West/Wadsworth, 7th ed., 1998), in Race and Ethnic Relations in the United States: Readings for the 21st Century (Christopher G. Ellison & W. Allen Martin, eds., Roxbury 1999), in Crime and Criminals: Contemporary and Classic Readings (Frank R. Scarpitti & Amie L. Nielsen, eds., Roxbury, 1999), in Perspectives: Race and Crime (Robert L. Bing III & Alejandro del Carmen, eds., Courselinks, 2000), in Race, Class, Gender and Justice in the United States (Charles E. Reasons, Darlene J. Conley & Julius Debro, eds., Allyn and Bacon, 2002), in Boundaries: Readings in Deviance, Crime, and Justice (Bradley R. E. Wright, Jr. & Ralph B. McNeal, Jr., eds., Prentice Hall, 2002), and in The Criminal Justice System: Politics and Policies (George F. Cole, Marc G. Gertz, & Amy Burger, eds., (West/Wadsworth, 8th ed., 2002; 9th ed., 2004)

– The Effects of the American Drug Policy on Black Americans, 1980-1996, 4(2) European Journal on Criminal Policy and Research 36-62 (1996)

– Controlling Prison Population Size, 4(3) European Journal on Criminal Policy and Research 26-45 (1996)

– Why Are U.S. Incarceration Rates So High?, 45 Crime & Delinquency 419-37 (1999), reprinted in 10(3) Overcrowded Times: Solving the Prison Problem 1, 8-16 (1999), in 25(1) The Angolite: The Prison Magazine 26-33 (2000), in Penal Reform in Overcrowded Times (Michael Tonry, ed., Oxford University Press, 2001), in Order Under Law: Readings in Criminal Justice (Robert C. Culbertson & Ralph A. Weisheit, eds., Waveland, 6th ed., 2002), and in Crime and Criminal Justice (William T. Lyons, Jr., ed., Ashgate, 2006)

– Community Penalties in the United States, 7(1) European Journal on Criminal Policy and Research 5-22 (1999)

– What Explains Persistent Racial Disproportionality in Minnesota's Prison and Jail Populations?, 38 Crime and Justice 201 (2009)

– Second Look Provisions in the Proposed Model Penal Code Revisions, 21 Federal Sentencing Reporter 194-202 (2009)

– Norval Morris's Contributions to Sentencing Structures, Theory, and Practice, 21 Federal Sentencing Reporter 254-260 (2009)

– Intermediate Sanctions in Sentencing Reform, 2 University of Chicago Law School Roundtable 391-411 (1995)

– Youth Violence in America, 24 Crime and Justice 1-26 (1998)

– Intermediate Sanctions in Sentencing Guidelines, 23 Crime and Justice 199-253 (1998), reprinted in Criminal Justice: Concepts and Issues (Chris W. Eskridge, ed., Roxbury, 3rd ed., 1999; 4th ed., 2004)

– Gender, Race, and Sentencing, 22 Crime and Justice 201-52 (1997)

– Ethnicity, Crime, and Immigration, 21 Crime and Justice 1-30 (1997), reprinted in part in Criminal Law: Cases and Materials (Dan Kahan, Neal Katzal & Tracey Meares, eds., Foundation Press, 2007); reprinted in Thinking about Punishment: Penal Policy Across Space, Time and Discipline (Ashgate, 2009)

– Intermediate Sanctions, 20 Crime and Justice 99-144 (1996)